Herpes zoster ist eine durch das Varizellenvirus (Varicella-Zoster) verursachte Erkrankung und kann nur bei Menschen auftreten, die zuvor Windpocken hatten. Wenn sich eine Person von Windpocken erholt, verschwindet das Virus nicht vollständig aus dem Körper, sondern bleibt in den Nerven in der Nähe der Wirbelsäule ruhend.
Allerdings, wenn eine Person altert, kann das Virus wieder in Form einer Gürtelrose auftreten.
Gürtelrose ist nicht vor dem Alter von 12 Jahren zu erwarten und die meisten Fälle treten bei Menschen über 40 Jahren auf. Sekundäre oder nachfolgende Gürtelrose-Episoden sind selten, da die meisten Menschen nur einen einzigen Anfall der Krankheit während ihres Lebens erleiden. Menschen mit geschwächtem Immunsystem, wie z.B. Menschen mit symptomatischer HIV-Infektion oder Krebs, können jedoch unter wiederholten Infektionen leiden.
Anzeichen und Symptome:
Die ersten Anzeichen von Gürtelrose sind ein brennendes Gefühl oder stechender Schmerz und Kribbeln oder Juckreiz auf der Haut. Nach ein paar Tagen treten in der Regel ein Ausschlag oder Blasen auf einer Seite des Körpers oder des Gesichts auf. Wenn der Ausschlag seinen Höhepunkt erreicht hat, können die Symptome von leichtem Juckreiz bis hin zu extremen und lähmenden Schmerzen reichen. Der Ausschlag oder die Blasen dauern in der Regel 1 bis 14 Tage, können aber länger sein. Die Schmerzen und das Kribbeln, die mit dem Ausschlag verbunden sind, können für Monate oder Jahre nach der Beseitigung des Ausschlags anhalten.
Dies geschieht in etwa 1 von 10 Fällen und wird als postherpetische Neuralgie bezeichnet.
Behandlung:
Gürtelrose kann mit antiviralen Medikamenten behandelt werden. Die Behandlung muss jedoch innerhalb von 72 Stunden nach Auftreten des Ausschlags begonnen werden, um den größtmöglichen Nutzen zu erzielen. Wenn Sie denken, dass Sie Gürtelrose haben, sehen Sie sofort einen Arzt. Der größte Teil der Behandlung zielt darauf ab, Anfangsschmerzen und Ausschläge zu reduzieren. Andere Medikamente, die zur Linderung der Symptome eingesetzt werden können, sind Schmerzmittel und topische Salben. Schindeln in der oberen Gesichtshälfte können schwere Augenschäden verursachen und sollten sofort medizinisch untersucht werden.
Es ist wichtig, die betroffene Hautstelle sauber zu halten, um sekundäre bakterielle Infektionen zu vermeiden. Vermeiden Sie es, Blasen zu durchstechen oder zu zerkratzen.
Übertragung:
Der direkte Kontakt mit der Flüssigkeit in den Blasen kann bei Menschen, die bisher keine Windpocken hatten, Windpocken (aber nicht Herpes zoster) verursachen. Denn beide Krankheiten werden durch das gleiche Virus verursacht. Neben dem direkten Kontakt können sich Gürtelrose auch durch Husten und Niesen durch die Luft ausbreiten, wenn Blasen im Mund der infizierten Person vorhanden sind. Menschen mit Gürtelrose sollten keinen Kontakt mit Menschen haben, die keine Windpocken hatten oder die nicht sicher sind, ob sie Windpocken hatten.
Prävention:
- Eine Einzeldosis Herpes-Zoster-Impfstoff wird für alle Erwachsenen ab 70 Jahren im Rahmen des nationalen Impfprogramms finanziert. Für Menschen im Alter von 71 bis 79 Jahren gibt es bis zum 31. Oktober 2021 ein Erholungsprogramm. Um den finanzierten Impfstoff zu erhalten, besuchen Sie Ihren Arzt oder einen lokalen Impfstofflieferanten. Obwohl der Impfstoff kostenlos zur Verfügung gestellt wird, kann eine Konsultationsgebühr anfallen.
- Die Beweise deuten auf eine verminderte Inzidenz von Gürtelrose bei gesunden Probanden hin, die den Zoster-Impfstoff erhalten, obwohl es derzeit unzureichende Informationen gibt, um die langfristigen Auswirkungen des Impfstoffs zu bewerten.
- Erwachsene zwischen 60 und 69 Jahren können auch eine Einzeldosis Zoster-Impfstoff erhalten, es sei denn, sie haben zuvor eine Dosis erhalten, sind kontraindiziert oder nicht immunsupprimiert. Der Impfstoff wird für diese Gruppe nicht finanziert.
- Die routinemäßige Anwendung des Zoster-Impfstoffs bei Menschen im Alter von 50 bis 59 Jahren wird nicht empfohlen. Menschen, die sich selbst schützen wollen, können jedoch in Betracht ziehen, den Impfstoff zu erhalten. Der Impfstoff wird für diese Altersgruppe nicht finanziert.
- Menschen mit chronischen Grunderkrankungen wie Arthritis, Bluthochdruck, chronischer Niereninsuffizienz, Diabetes und anderen ähnlichen Erkrankungen können den Zoster-Impfstoff sicher erhalten, sofern sie kein geschwächtes Immunsystem haben. Bitte sprechen Sie mit Ihrem Arzt, um weitere Informationen zu erhalten.
- Die Impfung mit Zoster wird nicht für Menschen unter 50 Jahren empfohlen und ist in Australien für diese Altersgruppe nicht registriert.
- Zostavax enthält ein attenuiertes Varicella-Zoster-Virus, das 14-mal mehr Viren enthält als Varicella-Impfstoffe für Kinder. Menschen mit einem deutlich geschwächten Immunsystem sollten kein Zostavax erhalten. Menschen mit geschwächter Immunität sollten die Zoster-Impfung mit ihrem Arzt besprechen.
- Die Impfung mit Zoster ist kontraindiziert, wenn nach einer früheren Dosis eines Impfstoffs, der Windpocken enthält, eine schwere Reaktion auftritt.
Wenden Sie sich im Zweifelsfall an einen Experten.
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